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Used to illustrate the following research findings(may & will probably change with time)

A strong correlation (link) was found for increased activity in an area slightly above the amygdala (increased amygdalar ventral striatal activity) and increased negative emotions in BPDs.

The connection between the frontal areas of the brain and the amygdala don’t work as it should in the brains of BPDs.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a role in the regulation of emotion & putting the breaks on emotional responses.BPDS have less grey-matter in the ACC. A study showed that as the left ACC volume decreased parasuicidal behaviours increased and as left ACC volume increased impulsivity increased.

Elevated levels of glutamate an excitatory neurotransmitter was found in the ACCs (anterior cingulate cortex) of BPDs (compared to controls).The higher the levels of glutamate the more impulsive the person is, no matter what diagnosis they have.Higher glutamate concentrations were associated with dissociation as well as severity of symptoms in BPDs.

Reductions in the hippocampus,amygdala and ACC are not specific to BPD,they occur in other mental disorders such as PTSD and MDD (major depressive disorder) and in people who have been exposed to trauma.

Smaller amygdala & hippocampus in BPDs (hippocampus) as much as 16% smaller

Exaggerated activity occurs in the amygdala of patients with BPD when they are looking at emotionally aversive slides or slides with negative facial expressions (such as a picture of a scared face)

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